Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part I (2025)

Clomiphene citrate is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to induce ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and other ovulatory disorders. Clomiphene citrate is used as a first-line treatment for infertility administered orally with initial dose of 50 mg 7 days from 5th day of menstrual cycle. Clomiphene can be indicated in both males and female for increasing their fertility especially prescribed off - label in the men. This drug can increase risk of certain cancers especially uterine, ovarian, and potentially melanoma and thyroid cancer. clomiphene can increase the risk of multiple pregnancies particularly in women who remain nulligravid (who have never been pregnant).

Women who have taken clomiphene citrate, particularly with prolonged can increase the risk of ovarian cancer by hyper stimulation of ovaries to produce eggs, leading to multiple ovulations over time. Repeated ovulation can cause minor trauma to the ovarian surface epithelium. This repetitive injury potentially contributes to the development of ovarian cancer.

Clomiphene can act as both an estrogen agonist and antagonist depending on the tissue, especially effect breast tissue .it can act as an estrogen agonist in some situations (especially when estrogen levels are low) and as an antagonist in others. This mixed action can lead to changes in cell growth and proliferation, potentially contributing to cancer development.

Clomiphene citrate drug administration in the treatment of the infertility leads to malignancy especially breast cancer and ovarian cancer in females. women who have never been pregnant (nulligravid) have a high-risk birth defect in fetus.