Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part F (2025)

Depression is a complex and debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent low mood, anhedonia, and cognitive dysfunction, impacting millions globally. The neuropharmacological basis of antidepressant therapy primarily revolves around the modulation of monoaminergic systems-serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine-although recent insights highlight the involvement of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and neuroinflammatory pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of traditional antidepressant classes, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), as well as atypical agents such as NDRIs, SARIs, and NaSSAs. Furthermore, it delves into cutting-edge developments involving NMDA receptor antagonists and GABAergic modulators that promise faster onset and improved efficacy in treatment-resistant depression. By exploring both established and novel therapeutic avenues, this review underscores the evolving landscape of antidepressant pharmacotherapy and highlights future directions in neuropsychiatric treatment.